Accounting Ratios Formulas
Complete ratio analysis formulas for CA Inter. Liquidity, profitability, solvency, and turnover ratios.
Liquidity Ratios
| Ratio | Formula | Ideal | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| Current Ratio | Current Assets / Current Liabilities | 2:1 | Short-term liquidity |
| Quick Ratio (Acid Test) | (CA - Inventory - Prepaid) / CL | 1:1 | Immediate liquidity |
| Cash Ratio | Cash & Equivalents / Current Liabilities | 0.5:1 | Absolute liquidity |
| Working Capital | Current Assets - Current Liabilities | Positive | Operating cushion |
Worked Example: Liquidity Ratios
Balance Sheet Extract (₹ in Lakhs)
Cash & Bank: 50
Receivables: 150
Inventory: 200
Prepaid Expenses: 20
Current Assets: 420
Current Liabilities: 210
Current Ratio = CA / CL = 420 / 210 = 2:1 ✓
Quick Ratio = (420 - 200 - 20) / 210 = 200 / 210 = 0.95:1
Cash Ratio = 50 / 210 = 0.24:1
Working Capital = 420 - 210 = ₹210 Lakhs
Analysis: Current ratio is ideal (2:1), but quick ratio below 1 indicates high inventory dependence.
Profitability Ratios
| Ratio | Formula | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| Gross Profit Ratio | (Gross Profit / Net Sales) × 100 | Trading efficiency |
| Net Profit Ratio | (Net Profit / Net Sales) × 100 | Overall profitability |
| Operating Profit Ratio | (Operating Profit / Net Sales) × 100 | Operational efficiency |
| Return on Assets (ROA) | (Net Profit / Total Assets) × 100 | Asset utilization |
| Return on Equity (ROE) | (Net Profit / Shareholders' Equity) × 100 | Shareholder returns |
| Return on Capital Employed (ROCE) | (EBIT / Capital Employed) × 100 | Overall returns |
| Earnings Per Share (EPS) | Net Profit / Number of Shares | Per share earnings |
Capital Employed = Total Assets - Current Liabilities = Equity + Long-term Debt
Worked Example: Profitability Ratios
Income Statement (₹ Lakhs)
Net Sales: 1,000
COGS: 600
Gross Profit: 400
Operating Expenses: 200
EBIT: 200
Interest: 40
Net Profit (after tax): 120
Balance Sheet (₹ Lakhs)
Total Assets: 800
Current Liabilities: 200
Capital Employed: 600
Shareholders' Equity: 400
No. of Shares: 10 Lakh
GP Ratio = (400 / 1,000) × 100 = 40%
NP Ratio = (120 / 1,000) × 100 = 12%
ROA = (120 / 800) × 100 = 15%
ROE = (120 / 400) × 100 = 30%
ROCE = (200 / 600) × 100 = 33.33%
EPS = 120 Lakhs / 10 Lakh shares = ₹12/share
Solvency Ratios
| Ratio | Formula | Ideal | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| Debt-Equity Ratio | Total Debt / Shareholders' Equity | 2:1 | Financial leverage |
| Debt Ratio | Total Debt / Total Assets | <0.5 | Asset financed by debt |
| Proprietary Ratio | Shareholders' Equity / Total Assets | >0.5 | Owner's stake |
| Interest Coverage Ratio | EBIT / Interest Expense | >3 | Interest paying ability |
| Debt Service Coverage | (PAT + Depreciation + Interest) / (Interest + Principal) | >1.5 | Debt repayment ability |
Worked Example: Solvency Ratios
Financial Data (₹ Lakhs)
Long-term Debt: 300
Shareholders' Equity: 500
Total Assets: 1,000
EBIT: 150
Interest Expense: 30
PAT: 90
Depreciation: 40
Principal Repayment: 50
Debt-Equity = 300 / 500 = 0.6:1 ✓
Debt Ratio = 300 / 1,000 = 0.3 ✓
Proprietary = 500 / 1,000 = 0.5 ✓
Interest Coverage = 150 / 30 = 5 times ✓
DSCR = (90 + 40 + 30) / (30 + 50) = 160 / 80 = 2 times ✓
Analysis: All ratios within ideal range - company has strong solvency position.
Turnover/Activity Ratios
| Ratio | Formula | Unit | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| Inventory Turnover | COGS / Average Inventory | times | Stock rotation speed |
| Inventory Days | 365 / Inventory Turnover | days | Days to sell inventory |
| Receivables Turnover | Credit Sales / Average Receivables | times | Collection efficiency |
| Receivables Days | 365 / Receivables Turnover | days | Collection period |
| Payables Turnover | Credit Purchases / Average Payables | times | Payment speed |
| Payables Days | 365 / Payables Turnover | days | Payment period |
| Asset Turnover | Net Sales / Average Total Assets | times | Asset efficiency |
| Fixed Asset Turnover | Net Sales / Average Fixed Assets | times | Fixed asset use |
| Working Capital Turnover | Net Sales / Working Capital | times | WC efficiency |
Operating Cycle = Inventory Days + Receivable Days - Payable Days
Worked Example: Turnover Ratios & Operating Cycle
Financial Data (₹ Lakhs)
Net Credit Sales: 1,200
COGS: 800
Credit Purchases: 600
Avg Inventory: 100
Avg Receivables: 150
Avg Payables: 75
Inventory Turnover = 800 / 100 = 8 times
Inventory Days = 365 / 8 = 46 days
Receivables Turnover = 1,200 / 150 = 8 times
Receivables Days = 365 / 8 = 46 days
Payables Turnover = 600 / 75 = 8 times
Payables Days = 365 / 8 = 46 days
Operating Cycle Calculation:
= Inventory Days + Receivables Days - Payables Days
= 46 + 46 - 46 = 46 days
= 46 + 46 - 46 = 46 days
Market/Valuation Ratios
| Ratio | Formula | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| Price-Earnings (P/E) | Market Price per Share / EPS | Market valuation |
| Dividend Yield | (DPS / Market Price) × 100 | Return from dividends |
| Dividend Payout | (DPS / EPS) × 100 | Profit distributed |
| Book Value per Share | Shareholders' Equity / No. of Shares | Net worth per share |
| Price to Book (P/B) | Market Price / Book Value | Premium over book |
Worked Example: Market Ratios
Share Data
Market Price: ₹180/share
EPS: ₹12/share
DPS: ₹3/share
Shareholders' Equity: ₹400 Lakhs
No. of Shares: 10 Lakh
Book Value: ₹40/share
P/E Ratio = 180 / 12 = 15 times
Dividend Yield = (3 / 180) × 100 = 1.67%
Dividend Payout = (3 / 12) × 100 = 25%
Book Value = 400 Lakhs / 10 Lakh = ₹40/share
P/B Ratio = 180 / 40 = 4.5 times
Analysis: P/E of 15 indicates moderate valuation. P/B of 4.5 suggests market values the company at 4.5× its book value.
DuPont Analysis
ROE = Net Profit Margin × Asset Turnover × Equity Multiplier
Net Profit Margin
Net Profit / Sales
Net Profit / Sales
Asset Turnover
Sales / Total Assets
Sales / Total Assets
Equity Multiplier
Total Assets / Equity
Total Assets / Equity
Worked Example: DuPont Analysis
Net Profit: ₹120 L
Sales: ₹1,000 L
Total Assets: ₹800 L
Equity: ₹400 L
Net Profit Margin = 120 / 1,000 = 12%
Asset Turnover = 1,000 / 800 = 1.25 times
Equity Multiplier = 800 / 400 = 2 times
ROE = 12% × 1.25 × 2 = 30%
Verify: ROE = Net Profit / Equity = 120 / 400 = 30% ✓
Practice with Past Papers
Apply these ratios on real questions